The Future is Forming

The Tool and Die Authority January 2010 Newsletter contained these articles:

Marketing Makes a Difference for Manufacturers — Part 1: Joe Brown
Breaking Speed Limits, Part 2: Peter Ulintz
Can Robotics Help a Tool and Die Shop?: Bob Quinn
The Sensor that Cries Wolf—or, Eliminating Nuisance Faults: Drew Stevens

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
The 20-Percent Maximum Thinning Rule (or, How Much is Too Much?)

Everyone likes to have a “Rule of Thumb” to use as a quick and easy guide. To make the best use of these maxims, it helps to understand where they come from, and what the limitations are in their use.


When it comes to taking the right steps to ensure a robust stamping process, a surface-strain analysis using a forming-limit diagram (FLD) is recommended. The forming limit curve (FLC) should be generated from the minimum allowable thickness and the lower mill production limit (or the -3σ value) for the strain-hardening exponent (n-value). To bypass some of the work involved in generating this information, some companies have chosen to use a rule of thumb that calls for a maximum 20-percent thickness reduction on a formed part compared with the initial flat-blank thickness. In some cases, this is an acceptable substitution, but in many cases, using this 20-percent threshold only confuses the proper course of action.

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Labels: blog, EQS, quality control, strain analysis, surface strain, thinning strain

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:21 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

New data released by WorldSteel.org shows that worldwide steel production fell by 8% in 2009 compared with 2008. However, steel production in China increased by 13.5%, and now represents just under half of all steel produced worldwide.

Steel Production in Million Metric Tons (from www.WorldSteel.org)
Region	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
EU 27	192.5	202.5	195.6	207.0	209.7	198.0	139.1
Other Europe	21.3	23.9	25.0	28.2	30.6	31.8	29.2
Former USSR	106.5	113.4	113.2	119.9	124.2	114.3	97.5
United States	93.7	99.7	94.9	98.6	98.1	91.4	58.1
Other NAFTA	32.5	34.3	32.7	33.2	34.5	33.1	24.2
South America	43.0	45.9	45.3	45.3	48.2	47.4	37.8
Africa	16.3	16.7	18.0	18.8	18.8	17.1	15.2
Middle East	13.4	14.3	15.3	15.4	16.5	16.6	17.2
China	222.3	282.9	353.2	419.1	489.3	500.3	567.8
Japan	110.5	112.7	112.5	116.2	120.2	118.7	87.5
Other Asia	109.5	116.9	129.8	137.0	147.0	149.3	140.1
Australia/New Zealand	8.4	8.3	8.6	8.7	8.8	8.4	6.0
Total (rounded)	970	1071	1144	1247	1346	1326	1220

Labels: blog, China, production, Steel

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:08 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority December 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

Reflecting on the Glory Days of the Tool and Die Industry: Joe Brown
Breaking Speed Limits: Peter Ulintz
A Beacon of Light for the Tool and Die Industry: Bob Quinn
Creative Part-Out Detection, Part 2: Drew Stevens

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Root Cause Defect Analysis: Working with Your Supplier (or, It's Your Problem Even When It's Not Your Problem)

If you're involved in metal stamping, you've surely encountered material defects. In order to get some response from your supplier, it helps for the two of you to speak the same language. By being able to provide some specifics, you might improve your chances of convincing your supplier to take responsibility for the defects.


First and foremost, save a sample or two that illustrates the defects. If it's something that shows up only after you've performed some processing operation, such as stamping, painting, or heat treatment, save samples from the incoming material from the supplier as well as post-processing samples that show the defect. This will simplify troubleshooting, particularly if you can also include identification information such as shipping number, lift number, coil number, and heat number.

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Labels: blog, defect analysis root cause analysis, EQS, information, Steel

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:16 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority November 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

Using Social Media to Overcome the Misperceptions of Manufacturing: Joe Brown
Die-Setting Practice, Part 2: Peter Ulintz
The One-Minute Transfer-Die Feasibility Checklist: Bob Quinn
Creative Part-Out Detection, Part 1: Drew Stevens

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Online Steel Resources (or, Steel Crazy After All These Years)

This newsletter and MetalForming magazine are great resources to improve your knowledge base and learn how others approach problems similar to those that you face. Also available to help metalformers increase their knowledge base are several steel-industry websites loaded with useful information, and many offer free e-newsletters. Numerous links are provided here for General Steel-Supplier News as well as in-depth Technical Information.

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Labels: blog, EQS, information, resources, Steel, websites

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:48 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority October 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

Who’s Moving Along with the Winds of Change?: Joe Brown
Die-Setting Practice : Peter Ulintz
Transfer Systems—What Can They Do for You?: Bob Quinn
Detecting Feed in Thick Materials : Drew Stevens

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Steel Mills are Heating Up (or, the Law of Unintended Consequences)

Last summer, the capacity-utilization rate for North American steelmakers was just about 90 percent. This meant that 90 percent of the sum total of all of the steelmaking capacity we have in North America was making steel. Then, as the economy tanked late last year, furnaces were shut off and allowed to go cold. Rather than flood the market with what would have been inexpensive steel, the capacity-utilization rate dropped to 32 percent at U.S. Steel; industry-wide, it fell to near 40 percent.

Recently, there’s been news of numerous furnaces coming back on line, due in part to the Cash-for-Clunkers program, as well as to the need for inventory restocking at the nation’s service centers. During the second week of September 2009, the steelmaking capacity-utilization rate in North America climbed to just short of 60 percent. What effect will this have on the price of steel? ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Labels: capacity utilization rate, steel mills

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 7:33 AM | Permalink |
1 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority September 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

Oakland University Creates an Open Forum …for Die Makers, their Customers and Other Key Stakeholders: Joe Brown
A Split Decision—Part 2: Peter Ulintz
How Does Tooling Price Impact Piece Price?: Bob Quinn
Creative Error Proofing: Drew Stevens

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
The Sound of One Hand Clapping (or, Are You Really an Author if No One Reads What You Write?)

For the year that Tool & Die Authority has been published, I’ve been writing about topics I thought would interest you. But if I’m talking about surface issues and you’re dealing with sourcing advanced high-strength steels, I’ve managed to waste your time, and mine.

So, here’s a proposal for an experiment. We are going to move you from the sidelines as a passive reader of Tool & Die Authority to an active participant in the article-writing process. Now you get to choose the topics of future articles. Just e-mail me with your ideas, and I’ll do my best to meet your expectations...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:35 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

“Social media” is a generalized term that applies to how people interact online, and can include blogs, podcasts, and webinars. Traditional newspapers, magazines, and books do not allow for the audience to share their viewpoints (aside from a Letter to the Editor) and engage in a dialogue for real-time feedback. That’s what I’m hoping this site will evolve into (with your help of course!)

As I’m reading up on Web 2.0, a book by Paul Gillin called The New Influencers: A Marketer's Guide to the New Social Media was recommended to me. It’s a great read, and I recommend it to anyone, especially companies thinking about blogging. In there, Gillin provides a discussion on one of the original blogs on the sheet metal industry, The Tinbasher, run by Paul Woodhouse and Butler Sheetmetal in the UK. (Fantastic to see a mainstream shout-out to someone in the industry!)

In addition to The Tinbasher, I follow Steel Strip World run by Steve Sawford of BSS SteelStrip and Steel on the Net by Metals Consulting International for steel industry information. For tool & die blogs, I read Eric Kam’s Self Proclaimed Die Expert, Die Guy by Tim Stephens, and Tool and Dieing by Joe Brown of Lintrio.

These blogs all have a distinctive style and voice, and provide timely information and insight.

Labels: blog, Die Guy, Paul Gillin, Self Proclaimed Die Expert, Social Media, Steel, Steel on the Net, Steel Strip World, Tinbasher, Tool and Die, Tool and Dieing

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 3:51 PM | Permalink |
1 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority August 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

The Future Tooling-Talent Pool: Misperceptions Demand Attention: Joe Brown
A Split Decision: Peter Ulintz
Tooling Costs Compared—Offshore vs. On: Bob Quinn
Value-Added Operations, Part 1—Putting Stuff Together: Drew Stevens

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Limitations of Hardness Testing for Deep-Drawing Applications (or, How to Make a Good Impression)

You’ve probably noticed that hardness is sometimes reported on your sheetmetal certs (and that if you see it, you likely are paying for it, probably a few dollars per ton). If you form mild-steel sheet in the range of 0.060-in. thick, hardness probably will fall near 75-78 HRB. But what does this really mean?

Simply put, hardness provides a measure of the material’s resistance to indentation. Of course, hardness will vary with the type of material being tested. But the test results also depend on the type of indenter being used (size/shape/material) and the amount of force used to push the indenter into the sheet. These two test parameters determine the scale used by the testing facility when reporting test results ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:19 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Dual phase steel: The front and side frame rails, under-floor structural beams (“sled-runners”), side roof arches, and lateral floor reinforcements.

Martensitic steel: Roof pillars, door intrusion beams

Other Ford North America vehicles using ultra high strength steel:

• Ford Flex (A-pillar)

• Ford Taurus, F-Series Crew Cab and Lincoln MKS (B-pillar)

• Ford Focus and Mustang (bumper)

• Ford Transit Connect (front crossmember)

For more info:

http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=30781

http://media.ford.com/images/10031/Boron.pdf

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 5:36 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

In 2008, Chinese steel production of 502 million metric tonnes was about the same as sum of the total production of the next 8 countries combined. Japan was second on the world producers list with 119 million metric tonnes, and the United States was third with 92 million metric tonnes.

Rank 2008	Rank 2007	Steel Company	Production 2008	Production 2007
1	1	ArcelorMittal	103.3	116.4
2	2	Nippon Steel	37.5	35.7
3	5	Baosteel Group	35.4	28.6
4	4	POSCO	34.7	31.1
5	-	Hebei Steel Group	33.3	31.1
6	3	JFE	33	34
7	11	Wuhan Steel Group	27.7	20.2
8	6	Tata Steel	24.4	26.5
9	8	Jiangsu Shagang Group	23.3	22.9
10	10	U.S. Steel	23.2	21.5
(production is in million metric tonnes)

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:54 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

High strength steels, including Boron-alloyed (shown in red), polyphase (orange), and micro-alloyed (yellow) are used to create an ultra-stiff passenger safety cell. The voluptuous rear fenders are very deep draw stampings, which meant they had to be steel (green). At the front is an aluminum subframe (blue) designed to manage front impact loads. The hood, rear hatch, and fenders are also aluminum, as are the doors, which have ultra-lightweight magnesium frames (turquoise).

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:21 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Great article in the New York Times on the new grades of steel that go into today's automobiles. It covers the advanced high strength steels like dual phase and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, and even gets into some metallurgy. The article touches on the impact of federal regulations, like the new roof-crush requirement of needing to withstand 3 times the vehicle weight during a rollover - double the current standard.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 6:47 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

POSCO (South Korea) will increase its overall steel capacity to 40 million metric tonnes by 2011.
Hyundai Steel (South Korea) will increase its overall steel capacity to 20 million metric tonnes by 2011.
Baosteel (China) and Wuhan Iron and Steel (China) are each is building 10 million metric tonnes per year (MMtpy) plants to be completed in 2011.
China Steel (Taiwan) is building 2 plants, each with a 2.5 MMtpy capacity; one to be completed in 2010, the other in 2012.
Tata Steel (India) and JSW Steel (India ) are each building 3 MMtpy plants to be completed in 2011.
(from Reuters)

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 3:41 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority July 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

“L’unione fa la forza”—In Union There is Strength (Italian Proverb): Joe Brown
Solving Deep-Drawing Problems, Part 2: Peter Ulintz
GD&T and Other Part-Print Issues that Inflate Costs: Bob Quinn
Value-Added Operations—Part 3: Locating Parts for In-Die Welding: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Stronger and Thinner for Summertime

It may sound too good to be true, but it is possible to get a high-strength steel that is lightweight, while continuing to use the same raw material you’ve been using. How? By stretch forming your panels instead of draw forming. OK, that’s easier said than done, but when setting up a die process for a new part, you may want to consider the merits of stretch forming.
It’s been shown that the yield strength of a formed panel can be accurately estimated from the strain path and the steel’s as-received (flat sheet) mechanical properties. ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:19 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

As reported on SteelGuru, POSCO (Korea) has developed exposed-quality galvannealed steels having a minimum tensile strength of 590MPa (85ksi). This follows the 2006 commercialization of their 490MPa (70ksi) minimum tensile strength exposed-quality galvannealed steel.

These higher strength steels allow for the use of thinner gauges for automotive skin panels while maintaining or improving in-process and on-car dent resistance. The thinner panels help reduce the overall vehicle weight, improving vehicle fuel efficiency and reducing its carbon footprint.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 1:40 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority June 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

Understand the Significance of the Tooling Industry, or Else: Joe Brown
Solving Deep-Drawing Problems, Part 1: Peter Ulintz
Yesterday’s Standards = Today’s Waste: Bob Quinn
Value-Added In-Die Operations, Part 2: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Sampling Sheet Surfaces for Successful Stampings

The sheetmetal supplier says that nothing has changed with the coils of material. The stamper says nothing’s changed with the process. But something must have changed, since now the part is splitting! In reality, something is different—it’s just not being measured. Here, the influence of surface characteristics will be highlighted using a real-life example.
Consider a relatively complex part being stamped from galvanized high-strength steel. For a little more than a year, the stamper experienced a consistent 1-percent scrap rate (40 split parts out of 4000 stamped per month). Over a three-month period, problems increased dramatically, and the new scrap rate reached 375 split parts out of 4000, or nearly 10 percent. The stamper and steel supplier went back and forth blaming each other for the additional scrap, and of course disagreed on the chargeback amount. ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 1:20 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

As reported on SteelGuru, Angang (China) has commercialized production of TRIP780, a Transformation Induced Plasticity advanced high strength steel having a minimum tensile strength of 780MPa (110ksi).

What are TRIP steels, and how are they different from Dual Phase Steels? Visit us at www.EQSgroup.com.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 12:39 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority May 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

An Exclusive Interview with the Mastermind Behind the Tooling Proposal: Joe Brown
Surface Coatings for Draw Steels—More Reasons Why You May Not Need Them: Peter Ulintz
America Can Compete, With a Little Innovation: Bob Quinn
Value-Added In-Die Operations, Part 1: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Troubleshooting Sheetmetal Problems—Part 2

Let’s take a trip back in time. When you first started production, your part was perfect, or at least acceptable in terms of no splits or necking, fitting the fixture, dimensionally in tolerance, and meeting the required characteristics of strength/stiffness/weldability/paintability/etc. To achieve this, you used the right steel, optimized press settings, the right type and amount of lubricant, and a perfect die surface.
Fast forward to today. You’ve got splits or wrinkles, maybe both. What happened? ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:35 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Both POSCO's Mexico CGL plant (400,000 ton annual production capacity) and WISCO's Wuhan, China plant (coil width up to 2070mm [just under 81.5 inches]) started shipping prime product this month.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 10:05 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Thanks to Joe Brown's Tool and Dieing blog for the heads up!

Video of GM Chevy Volt Stamping Prototype

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 7:57 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority April 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

Here’s How We Got Here. Spread the Message! Part 1: Joe Brown
Surface Coatings for Draw Steels—You May Not Need Them: Peter Ulintz
Job Tracking and Quoting Systems— A Deeper Look: Bob Quinn
Part Measurement On the Fly, Part 3: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Troubleshooting Sheetmetal Problems

Most stamping problems can be traced back to some characteristic of the process or material that is out of whack compared to what was used in the past. The list of usual suspects includes the sheetmetal, die, lubricant and press. Of course, there are dozens of other possibilities, but let’s start by going after the low-hanging fruit.
It’s easy to check the sheetmetal—along with the material delivery should come a report detailing the composition of the alloy and its mechanical properties such as yield and tensile strength, elongation and n-value. Or, metalformers can send material samples to a local laboratory for testing, for just a few hundred bucks. Too much to spend? Maybe not, considering the cost of scrap, the other profitable jobs your press could be used for, and all of the better ways your press operators, technicians and engineers could be spending their time. ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 7:35 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority March 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

Lien on Me: Joe Brown
New Business Producing Existing Parts: Peter Ulintz
Closing the Loop—To Measure or Not to Measure?: Bob Quinn
Part Measurement On the Fly, Part 2: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
What is Steel? Part 3: Steel Microstructures and Phases

Remember that pure iron is extremely soft, and that the iron atoms can be thought of as a 3D lattice of stacked billiard balls. Steel simply is an alloy of iron and carbon, and its properties depend on the amount of carbon in the alloy and where the carbon winds up within the structure. When a very small fraction of the gaps (interstices) between the iron lattice are occupied by carbon atoms, this interstitial-free (IF) steel is said to have a microstructure of ferrite. Ferrite has a body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure (Fig. 1a), and is a microstructural phase that is soft, ductile and similar to pure iron.
There is a limit to the amount of carbon that can fit in the gaps in the ferrite structure (0.02 percent C at 723 C, which drops to 0.006 percent C at room temperature). The gaps are a little larger in a phase known as austenite, which has a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure (Fig. 1b). At around 1150 C, up to 2 percent C can fit into the austenite microstructure. As the steel slowly cools and carbon is forced out of solution, the austenite transforms into a combination of ferrite and another phase called cementite or iron carbide (Fe3C) and an orthorhombic crystal structure. ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:15 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

There is a review article on Hot Stamping available from FMA on TheFabricator.com.
The article addresses these questions:

What Is Hot Stamping?
How Does the Process Work?
Why Hot Stamp?
Which Components Are Hot-Formed?
What Are the Unique Press and Tooling Requirements?
How Does It Affect Downstream Processes?
What Are Other Capability Considerations?
What Are Hot Stamping's Limitations?
How Do I Compare Costs?
What Is the Future of Hot Stamping?

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 3:33 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority February 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

U.S.-Korea Trade Imbalance, Part 2: Joe Brown
Avoiding Punch- Head Breakage: Peter Ulintz
How About a Little ‘Coopetition’ to Ride out the Storm: Bob Quinn
Part Measurement ‘On the Fly’—Part 1: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
What is Steel? Part 2: Medium-Strength and Conventional High-Strength Steels

A good rule of thumb: The transition from mild steel to high-strength steel occurs at a yield strength of about 30 KSI (210 MPa). For yield strengths between 30 and 50 KSI, metalformers typically provide a simple carbon-manganese (C-Mn) steel, unless other restrictions are placed on the order. The composition of these steels approaches that of low-carbon mild steels, except that C-Mn steels contain more carbon and manganese to increase strength to the desired level. No special alloying or thermal treatments are needed at the mill, making these alloys relatively inexpensive. Unfortunately, this approach usually is not practical for yield strengths greater than 50 KSI, due to a drop-off in elongation and weldability. This limits the use of C-Mn steels to those parts without complex requirements for shape, strength or weldability. ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:52 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority January 2009 Newsletter contained these articles:

U.S.-Korea Trade Relationship Points to Reasons for Auto, Tooling Troubles: Joe Brown
Failure Analysis: Punch-Head Breakage: Peter Ulintz
Time-Saving Alternatives for the Toolroom—Part 3: Bob Quinn
The Perils of Reverse Tonnage and Improper Counterbalance Settings: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
What is Steel?…Part 1

I’m sure for some of you, the answer to the question—What is Steel?—is, “really expensive!” That discussion is best left for another column. Here we are going to get back to basics. And most simply, steel is just iron plus no more than about 2.1 percent carbon. (If you have more than 2.1 percent carbon, it’s called cast iron.) For this article, we’ll cover low-carbon steel, where carbon content tops out at around 0.1 to 0.2 percent. ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:45 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority December 2008 Newsletter contained these articles:

Strange Times Call for Strange Bedfellows: Joe Brown
Failure Analysis for Stamping Dies, Part 2: Tool-Steel Heat treatment: Peter Ulintz
Time-Saving Alternatives for the Toolroom—Part 2: Bob Quinn
Error-Proofing Proactively with Proper Setups: Drew Stevens


and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)
The Case for Thinning Strain Analysis

The past two editions of this series discussed circle grid strain analysis and the potential errors that improper technique can induce in your results. The easiest way to check your measurements is to compare the thickness calculated from your circle-grid surface-strain measurements to thickness measurements made using an ultrasonic thickness (UT) gauge. But, there is so much more information you can get from your part and process with just thickness measurements!
Thinning strain analysis (TSA) is easier to perform than circle grid analysis (CGA), and requires very little operator training. TSA can be performed on any formed part, without special preparation of the blank or tools before stamping, and it requires less stamping-plant involvement and assistance. Production stamping schedules are less likely to be disrupted when a TSA is needed, and TSA can be used when is it not practical to place circle grids on a blank— such as for parts stamped on a progressive die or in the central portion of a very large blank. ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:05 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Salinity is a measure of the total amount of dissolved solids present in water.

• The salinity of fresh water is less than 0.05% by weight.
• The salinity of ocean water typically ranges from about 3.3% to 3.7% (3.3 to 3.7 parts per hundred) by weight.
• Marine geologists normally use units of parts per thousand (abbreviated as ‰), so the salinity of ocean water is about 35‰, compared to less than 0.5‰ for fresh water.
• Units of parts per million are sometimes used: the salinity of ocean water is about 35,000 ppm, while the salinity of fresh water is typically less than 500 ppm.

As determined initially by Dittmar in 1884 on samples collected during the Challenger Expedition (1872-1876), the ratios of the various ions in sea water are nearly independent of salinity and location in the ocean.

• The Red Sea, for example, with a salinity of close to 40‰, has more ions than “average” seawater. However, here and elsewhere around the world, the relative proportions of all ions are the same. Worldwide, the ratio of chloride ions to sodium ions in seawater is 55.1 / 30.6 = 1.8.
• The “Rule of Constant Proportions” applies only to seawater and not fresh water (i.e., river water). Note the magnitude of the ionic concentrations in fresh water – a slight change of a few parts per million either higher or lower will significantly change the ratios.

The ionic concentrations in this table are approximations compiled from numerous literature sources. The specific values in your particular sample may be different from what is shown, but in the case of seawater, the ratios of the ions will be the same.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 11:12 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority November 2008 Newsletter contained these articles:

Time for Tooling Industry to Step Up and Train: Joe Brown
Failure Analysis for Stamping Dies—General Procedures: Peter Ulintz
Time-Saving Alternative to Six-Sided Grinding—Part 1: Bob Quinn

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)
Circle Grid Strain Analysis—Confirm that Ellipse Measurements Make Sense

Last month, we learned that the measurement technique used to determine the dimensions of a deformed ellipse is critical, and that the proper method is to measure from the center-width position of the line that makes up the circumference around the circle.

In this month’s column, I’ll discuss a simple method to confirm that your ellipse measurements make sense. A flat sheetmetal blank has known length, width and thickness dimensions. Since material formability is not exempt from the laws of physics, the total amount of material must maintain a constant volume before, during and after forming, even though the specific values of length, width and thickness will change as a result of forming. This allows for calculation of a thickness strain (et), since the major (eMA), minor (emi), and thickness strains in that volume of material multiplied together must equal 1 ...

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:00 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The Tool and Die Authority October 2008 Newsletter contained these articles:

We Need Apprenticeship Programs, or Soon the Die May be Cast: Joe Brown
Quick Fixes for Slug Pulling: Peter Ulintz
The Basics of Efficient Die Making: Bob Quinn

and from Danny Schaeffler of Engineering Quality Solutions (EQS)...
Measuring Accurately During Circle Grid Strain Analysis

For several decades, sheetmetal stampers have used strain analysis to make their parts and products more robust to handle the natural and inherent variation in mechanical properties of the sheetmetal they order. But have you ever thought about how much your technique can influence the results?

Visit the Precision Metalforming Association website to learn how to subscribe!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:23 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

In the inaugural issue of the Tool & Die Authority, Danny Schaeffler of EQS discusses "Measuring Accurately During Circle Grid Strain Analysis".

Read the introductory issue here!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 7:32 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

From Brad Kuvin's Editorial in the September 2008 issue of MetalForming Magazine:

It’s not often that a new publication is launched aimed at the manufacturing community. But when an opportunity is recognized to provide useful, practical knowledge in an area where change occurs so quickly that keeping up becomes challenging, if not impossible, then a new publication is in order. That’s why MetalForming and the Precision Metalforming Association (PMA) are launching Tool & Die Authority, with the tag line: Exclusive technical information and timely news by industry experts for tool and die professionals.

Tool & Die Authority is an electronic-only publication, delivered to the e-mail inbox of paid subscribers each and every month. It will carry no advertising–only page after page, article after article of hard-core tool and die knowledge and insight. In addition, we’ll include an industry-specific job-listing service,where metal formers and tool and die shops can post their job openings.

To launch this new publication, we have lined up an impressive array of industry experts to provide a well rounded editorial package. Note: Subscribers to Tool & Die Authority not only will receive our exclusive technical and practical knowledge and information, but also will have online access to continued dialog on the topics covered in the newsletter.Our authors will provide ongoing discussions of their newsletter columns online, using URLs created exclusively for Tool & Die Authority subscribers.

Meet our lineup of expert columnists:
• Joe Brown, creator of the blog,Will the Tool & Die Industry Ever Recover? Joe’s column in Tool & Die Authority will deliver timely, insightful news of the tool and die industry that you won’t find anywhere else. More importantly, his commentary on the issues of the day will provide a fresh look at the industry with a unique perspective that readers will appreciate.
• Pete Ulintz, a 30-year veteran of the tool and die trade with an impressive background that includes tool and die making, tool engineering, engineering management, advance process planning and product development. Pete has been speaking at PMA seminars, roundtables and METALFORM symposiums since 1996, focusing on topics such as transfer and automation systems, tool and die design, deep-draw technology, metalforming simulation, and problem solving in the press shop. For Tool & Die Authority, Pete will discuss practical, real-life tool room challenges related to all of the above topics, and offer solutions to overcome those challenges.
• Danny Schaeffler, president of Engineering Quality Solutions. Danny brings to Tool & Die Authority expertise in material properties of new sheet steels and other metal alloys.His column also will address the practical application of forming-limit diagrams and circle-grid analysis, and topics such as tooling buyoff and cost-reduction strategies.
• Bob Quinn, president of RCM Inc., a tool and die shop with expertise in progressive and compound dies, fourslide tooling, detail machining, surface grinding and wire-EDM, as well as CAM-system development. Bob’s monthly insights will help tool and die makers tackle the day-to-day production challenges that impact productivity and quality in the tool room, to make sure that the presses–whether they are your presses or those of your customers–keep going down and up, stamping high-quality parts.

The tool and die industry, perhaps more than any other manufacturing discipline, continues to evolve at a breakneck pace, and keeping up with technology is a must. Tool and die designers and makers must learn not only new skills related to operating new manufacturing equipment, but also must become more knowledgeable in material properties–of sheet steels and tool steels.

This is the type of information that our electronic publication, Tool & Die Authority, will feature. To start receiving Tool & Die Authority, log on to www.metalformingmagazine.com/toolanddie.

The first issue is available to everyone by clicking here!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:39 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Have a look at our website - www.EQSgroup.com. You'll see that we changed a few things around and added links for you to get more info about Advanced High Strength Steels (like dual phase, transformation induced plasticity, martensitic, and complex phase steels), as well as basic descriptions of low carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum grades. You'll also find the section titles of a "how to do thinning and circle grid strain analysis" article we wrote for the ASM International Metals Handbook on Sheet Metal Formability. All you need to do is contact us, and we can send you more of that article. Let us know some of the things that interest you!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:35 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

For daily news updates about steel and the international steel industry, you may want to look at Steel Guru.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:47 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The 45th Annual "Metallurgists’ Day" was celebrated in India on January 10, as reported by Steel Guru.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:40 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The SeverCorr and US Steel videos highlight two steelmaking approaches: a minimill that uses an electric arc furnace (SeverCorr) and a blast furnace/basic oxygen furnace at an integrated mill (US Steel).
The Novelis video mainly describes the company, and contains some aluminum rolling information.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 3:14 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

As reported by MEPS, the 2007 global steel output is estimated to be 1.350 billion metric tons, an 8% increase over the 1.249 billion metric tons produced in 2006. The 1 billionth metric ton is projected to have been produced on September 27, 2007, the 270th day of the year. This is about 7.5 weeks earlier than in 2005. Furthermore, MEPS projects the worldwide output in 2011 to be 1.6 billion metric tons, with 60% of this increase coming from China. To produce this much steel, it is estimated that China will need to import more than half of its iron ore demand. Wonder what that means for raw materials costs???

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 8:03 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

With a recently completed blast furnace repair, POSCO now has an annual capacity of 33 million metric tons, making it the world’s second largest steelmaker behind ArcelorMittal (117 million metric tons) and just ahead of Nippon Steel at 32.7 million metric tons. -- from Steel Guru

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 4:26 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Reuters reports that ThyssenKrupp will provide Hyundai Steel with a range of steel-making technologies from blast furnaces to hot-rolled steel products. Also, Hyundai Steel and Hyundai Motor Group have agreed to buy more steel products from ThyssenKrupp for its U.S. and European auto plants. After their first blast-furnace mill comes on line in 2011, Hyundai Steel will have a capacity of 8 million metric tons.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 4:20 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

USA Today ran a story yesterday that raises the question of what makes a car “American”?

Consider, for example, that according to the article and related table, vehicles made exclusively in Canada are the Chrysler 300 and Pacifica, Ford Edge and Crown Victoria, Chevy Impala and Equinox, Acura MDX, Lexus RX350, and the Honda Ridgeline.

Vehicles made exclusively in Mexico include the Ford Fusion, Chrysler PT Cruiser, Chevy HHR, VW Beetle, and the Nissan Sentra. (All small cars – coincidence?)

And those made only in the USA include the Mazda 6, Subaru Legacy and Outback, Saab 9-7X, Honda Odyssey, Hyundai Santa Fe, Nissan Altima and Titan, Toyota Avalon and Sienna, and the Acura TL. Most of the Accords and Camrys sold in the US are made in the US, with imports from Japan coming in due to product demand and local capacity constraints.

Does it need to be a US based company, like GM or Ford? Or does Chrysler count, even though they are the US division of a German company (at least for now)? What about “Honda of America Mfg., Inc.” or "Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky, Inc.", both US-based divisions of Japanese companies? Does it need to be a company traded on the New York Stock Exchange, like Honda and Toyota? Do the profits from the vehicle need to "stay in this country" for it to count as an American car? Should the wages paid to the US employees in manufacturing, sales, R&D, etc., count? Would this make the Toyota Camry more "American" than the Chevy HHR? What about the Chevy Aveo, which is made in South Korea? Is a company like Volvo "American" because it is owned by Ford? What about Saab, since it is owned by GM, and one of their vehicles is made in Ohio - just like the Accord?

Should we consider the impact of oil usage from national security and environmental perspectives? Does that make it more "American" to drive a Chevy HHR (23 MPG city/30 MPG highway - made in Mexico) or a PT Cruiser (21/26MPG, also made in Mexico) or a Toyota Prius (60/51, made in Japan)? Does your answer change if it was a Toyota Camry Hybrid (40/38, made in Kentucky)?

I'd love to hear your thoughts on these issues - all different shades of grey.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:56 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The 2007 Great Designs in Steel Seminar was held on March 7 in Livonia, MI, with over 1700 people in attendance. This seminar, sponsored by AISI and held annually since 2002, is billed as “the premier forum for the latest trends and applications in automotive steel technologies.”

AISI continues to raise the bar, as this was another excellent day of presentations, exhibits, and informal meetings. In addition to displays on steel fuel tanks, steel wheels, and laser welded blanks, there were teardowns highlighting the high strength steel parts contained on the BMW X5, Chrysler Sebring, and the IMPACT truck.

Over the next few postings, I’m going to give the highlights of some of the presentations. But the theme is clear: Advanced high-strength steels (like dual phase and TRIP steels) are being used now in selected applications, and are being increasingly specified in future vehicles to capitalize on their potential for weight savings, cost savings, and safety.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:45 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has just updated Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 206, which addresses Door Locks and Door Retention Components. The new regulations, which go into effect on September 1, 2009, will require among other things, a second latch on minivan sliding doors. The ruling said that automakers expect "major structural modifications" will be needed to B-Pillars and doors in order to comply.

In conjunction to these structural changes, look for increased use of advanced high-strength steels like dual phase (DP), transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), complex phase (CP) and hot-stamped boron steels. Combined processes like the hot forming of tailor rolled blanks for B-pillars may be more widely utilized.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 11:09 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Great Designs in Steel is the premier forum for the latest trends and applications in automotive steel technologies. This all-day, four-track program features more than 35 technical presentations on advanced high-strength steels (like dual phase and TRIP steels), automotive safety and manufacturing technologies. It is scheduled for March 7, 2007, in Livonia, MI.

Talks are scheduled to be given by GM, Ford, DaimlerChrysler, Honda, BMW, US Steel, Mittal Steel, Severstal, Noble, TWB, Powerlasers, as well as several Tier 1/2 stampers and tool designers/builders. For the complete program, click here.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 3:37 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

With the help of Steve from Steel Strip, I've incorporated two search engines into this blog. Both are community-built engines, where the users help refine the search results. In the Swicki, the more popular search terms are listed in a bigger size. To learn more about swickis in general, click here.

Thanks, Steve!

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:24 PM | Permalink |
1 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Ask a Basher!
http://www.butlersheetmetal.com/tinbasherblog/2006/12/28/ask-a-basher-1/trackback/

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 4:29 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

If the last paragraph in the second article below is really the case, then maybe we should be doing more to encourage higher education for all.

Talent Availability Rather Than Labor Cost Seen Driving Offshoring
Low-cost labor is no longer the most important factor in decisions on moving work offshore; access to qualified workers is, contends a Duke University/Booz Allen Hamilton study released on Oct. 31. Indeed, indicates the study, companies are increasingly moving product design, R&D, and other relatively sophisticated operations to China, India and other places offshore primarily because they can provide the highly skilled engineers and science workers who are in short supply in the U.S. and Europe.
Nearly three-fourths of the 530 US and European companies surveyed that are establishing or expanding product development offshore said "access to qualified personnel" was the most important driver of their offshoring strategies. Almost 70% said site selection was based on the availability of qualified workers.

Skilled worker shortage hurts U.S.
The biggest problem with job growth right now isn't too few new jobs. It's too few skilled workers. Many economists and labor market experts say that job growth and the economy overall would be significantly stronger if employers could find the skilled workers they really need.
"I'm hearing across the board, across industries, companies indicating they can't exploit market opportunity because they can't find people with the right skills," said Jeff Summer, an executive at Deloitte Consulting who leads the firm's management practice. He said that there's virtually no long-term unemployment for skilled workers.
Anthony Chan, chief economist for JPMorgan Private Client Services, said employers are constantly citing the inability to find the workers they need as one of their top problems, if not their biggest worry.
Businesses "feel there's real (unmet) demand out there," he said, adding that "economic growth would be faster" if there wasn't this tight supply of workers.
Economists are forecasting that overall the unemployment rate in December stayed at 4.5 percent. But the rate for college-educated workers was just 1.8 percent in November, near the rate for that group in 1998 and 1999, when the economy was white-hot. The lowest rate for college grads on record was 1.5 percent in three months during 2000.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 4:19 PM | Permalink |
2 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

The International Iron & Steel Institute just released Version 3 of the AHSS Application Guidelines. This 131 page document covers the formability and joining issues that you might encounter when processing these grades, and ways to address them.

If you need help digesting the plethora of information, that's what we do at Engineering Quality Solutions.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 4:55 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

This is the title of an article that appears today on IndustryWeek.com.

Once a full account is taken of unit labor costs output per worker across economies, the advantage is narrowed:
Mexico: No competitive advantage if productivity is factored in. Mexico's total wage costs were 11% of the average U.S. level in 2002. But because Mexican workers produce 10 times less than Americans per hour, the unit labor costs came out nearly the same.

Poland: Competitive disadvantage: industrial workers earn about 13% of the average U.S. salary but their unit labor costs come out much higher at 73%.

India and China: Competitive advantage: Total wage cost at less than 3% of the level paid to U.S. workers in manufacturing. Even with lower worker productivity factored in, unit labor costs in India and China are on average 80% lower than those in the United States.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:39 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

An article from September 27 states that there are eight 10-million ton iron and steel plants, seventeen 5-million ton plants and more than thirty 3-million-ton plants in China.

As a point of reference, in 1999, the United States had two 10-million ton iron and steel companies and five 5-million ton companies (most having multiple production plants), while Canada had two 3-million ton companies.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:34 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

According to an article today…

“…GM's top six shareholders own the majority of company stock. One of those shareholders is Southeastern Asset Management, managers of the Longleaf Partners funds in Memphis, Tennessee. GM is held in the flagship Longleaf Partners Fund, while Renault is in the Longleaf Partners International Fund…”

And from an article yesterday…

European Aeronautic, Defense & Space Co. (EADS), which is 30 percent owned by DaimlerChrysler AG, owns 80 percent of Airbus SA, whose main competitor is Boeing. The CEO of Boeing’s commercial airplane division is taking over as CEO of Ford Motor Company.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 1:31 PM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

As reported by MEPS, and highlighted by SteelOnTheNet, the 2006 global steel output is estimated to be 1.215 billion metric tons. The 1 billionth metric ton is projected to be produced on October 27, 2006, the 300th day of the year. This is 23 days sooner than in 2005, where the billionth metric ton was produced around November 19. Like Christmas sales starting earlier and earlier each year, pretty soon we will reach the milestone at the end of the summer.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 10:07 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

THE WEIGHT OF STEEL WHEELS BENEFITS FROM THE USE OF NEW HIGH-STRENGTH STEELS
A study funded by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) presents some examples of wheels where the steel version was comparable in weight to their cast aluminum counterparts, with the same styling and visual appeal, yet had increased durability and were less prone to damage and leaking. In the examples cited, the rims are made from either bainitic or HSLA steel, with the disks being made from DP 350Y/600T steel.

Of course, there are plenty of examples where aluminum is and should be the material of choice based on properties needed balanced against cost. However, this decision should be made on a case-by-case basis, where the optimized products and processing are considered and compared. In the case of wheels, the steel grades considered should include the conventional and advanced high strength steels (like HSLA, bainitic, DP, etc.) rather than just mild steels.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 11:45 AM | Permalink |
1 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

RFID tags are being used to track a growing number of products. WalMart expects 600 of their suppliers to have RFID tags all pallets and cases shipped to every store by early 2007. This will aid in replenishing goods when they are out of stock, and reduce inventory. According to the WalMart website, by the end of 2005, more than 200,000 tagged pallets and more than 8.5 million tagged cases had been received. (Privacy rights activists worry that Wheaties boxes will be tracked to your house, but that's another debate.)

In our industry, one application is to aid in the tracking of stamped parts through to final assembly. There are times when a steel or stamping defect isn't caught until after assembly and sometimes even paint. An RFID chip would record the details of every processing step (or could be linked to a larger database), which would aid in seeing if other parts processed at the same time are also at risk. This would allow the problem part to be traced back to the incoming coil.

As great at this might sound, there is also a big potential downside. The antenna component of these RFID tags are made of either copper or aluminum. If copper antennae are used on RFID tags placed on steel products (car, washing machine, drum, etc.), the resultant end-of-life scrap may not be useable in future steelmaking because of the negative effects that copper has on properties. (Integrated mills typically use around 25% scrap in their furnace charge, while mini-mills use 100% scrap.) This problem does not affect aluminum-based RFID tags.

"Radio-frequency tracking tags pose recycling challenge"
www.GovExec.com; August 7, 2006

"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags: Copper Content Detrimental to Recycling"
www.steel.org; April 2006

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 11:06 AM | Permalink |
0 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Along the sidebar, you'll see several sets of news headlines. My goal is to have this blog as the one-stop you need to make to keep updated on the latest industry news.

The first group is from a list of steel, forming, and manufacturing blogs, including
Stamping Out a Living found at http://www.stampingoutaliving.com/
The Tinbasher Sheet Metal Blog found at http://www.butlersheetmetal.com/tinbasherblog
The Fabricator Blog found at http://www.thefabricator.com/Fabricator-Blog/blog/client/index.cfm
steelonthenet blog found at http://steelonthenet.blogspot.com/ (steelonthenet.com)
The Steel Strip Industry blog found at http://www.steelstrip.co.uk/steel-strip/feed/

The second group consists of steel and automotive news from Topix.net

The third group combines feeds from Yahoo-Finance covering steel, automotive manufacturers, auto parts companies, and metal fabricators.

I want to include references to aluminum and non-auto manufacturing, but I really haven't found anything I like yet. If you have any suggestions on what should be added (or deleted), please let me know.

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 9:16 PM | Permalink |
1 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post

Welcome to "The Future is Forming"!
Here, we can discuss
... existing and emerging grades of steel and aluminum sheet
... material utilization and material specification trends
... formability challenges and how to overcome them
... forming techniques and processes
... the latest news from the materials and manufacturing industries

... and pretty much anything else that interests you.

I hope you will find this useful, and come back to visit often!

Danny Schaeffler, President
Engineering Quality Solutions, Inc.
www.EQSgroup.com

Posted by Engineering Quality Solutions at 2:16 PM | Permalink |
2 comments (toggle show/hide) | links to this post